Immunology

Immunoglobulins : These are five types 

• IgG
• IgM
• IgA
• IgE and 
• IgD

N.B. : – IgG is the only antibody that crosses the placenta. IgM is the largest antibody.

Immunity : Immunity is the property of living organism by which any infection caused by micro-organism are resisted and overcome.

Antigen : Any substance which binds with antibody is called antigen.It may be immunogenic or non-immunogenic.

Antibody : An antibody is a type of globulin (immunoglobulin) produced in response to an antigen with which it reacts specifically.

Hormone : 

Cell or group of cell কর্তৃক internal body fluid এ নিঃসৃত এক প্রকার chemical substance যারা দেহের অন্যান্য cell এর উপর physiological control বা প্রভাব বিস্তার করে।

Hormone সাধারনত বিভিন্ন Endocrine Gland থেকে নিঃসৃত হয় : 

Pituitary gland :  Have two lobes-

1. Anterior pituitary gland.
2. Posterior pituitary gland. 

Hormones of anterior pituitary gland :  

1. Growth Hormone – GH
2. Thyroid Stimulating Hormone – TSH 
3. Adrenocorticotropic Hormone – ACTH
4. Follicle Stimulating Hormone – FSH
5. Luteinizing Hormone – LH
6. Prolactin – PRL 

Hormones of posterior pituitary gland :  

1. Antidiuretic Hormone. 
2. Oxytocin.

Function of TSH : Stimulate thyroid gland to synthesis and secrete  thyroxine (T3)  and triiodothyronine (T4).

Function of PRL : In female it promote breast development and milk secretion.

Function of Oxytocin :

1. Milk ejection. 
2. Contraction of Uterus.

Hormones of Thyroid gland :  

1. Thyroxine – T3,
2. Triiodothyronine – T4,
3. Calcitonin

Hormones of Parathyroid gland :

1. Parathyroid Hormone (PTH)

Hepatic Marker Test :

The test by which the presence of hepatitis virus in the body can be detected is called hepatic market test. 

1. Hepatitis A 
2. Hepatitis B
   • HBsAg
   • Anti HBs
   • HBeAg
   • Anti HBe
   • Anti Hbc

3. Hepatitis C (Anti HCV)
4. Hepatitis D
5. Hepatitis E

Tumour marker test :

The test  by which the presence of any benign and malignant tumour can be identified is called tumour marker test.

1. CEA (Carcinoembryonic Antigen) : Monitor the progress of cancer treatment
2. Ca-125: ovarian cancer (female)
3. Ca-19-9: Colon cancer, Pancreatic cancer 
4. Ca-15-3: Breast cancer( female )
5. PSA (prostate specific antigen) : Prostatic cancer
6. AFP (Alpha fetoprotein) : Liver cancer.

Fertility Marker Test : 

The test by which presence of any fertility indicator (male/female) in the body can be detected is called fertility marker test. 

Such as:

1. HCG: Human chorionic gonadotropin hormone -(female) 
2. FSH: Follicle Stimulating hormone -(male and female) 
3. LH: Luteinizing hormone -(male and female)
4. PRL: Prolactin hormone -(male and female)
5. Testosterone hormone -(male and female)

N.B.

Urine Pregnancy Test এ মূলত HCG Hormone detect করা হয়।

PCR : Polymerase Chain Reaction : 

Application / Indication of PCR :

1. Prenatal diagnosis, eg. cystic fibrosis.
2. Diagnosis of microorganisms -viral, fungal, parasitic or bacterial infection. 
3. Diagnosis of hereditary disease like Sickle cell anaemia.