Immunology
Immunoglobulins : These are five types
- IgG
- IgM
- IgA
- IgE and
- IgD
N.B. : – IgG is the only antibody that crosses the placenta. IgM is the largest antibody.
Immunity : Immunity is the property of living organism by which any infection caused by micro-organism are resisted and overcome.
Antigen : Any substance which binds with antibody is called antigen.It may be immunogenic or non-immunogenic.
Antibody : An antibody is a type of globulin (immunoglobulin) produced in response to an antigen with which it reacts specifically.
Hormone :
Cell or group of cell কর্তৃক internal body fluid এ নিঃসৃত এক প্রকার chemical substance যারা দেহের অন্যান্য cell এর উপর physiological control বা প্রভাব বিস্তার করে।
Hormone সাধারনত বিভিন্ন Endocrine Gland থেকে নিঃসৃত হয় :
Pituitary gland : Have two lobes-
- Anterior pituitary gland.
- Posterior pituitary gland.
Hormones of anterior pituitary gland :
- Growth Hormone – GH
- Thyroid Stimulating Hormone – TSH
- Adrenocorticotropic Hormone – ACTH
- Follicle Stimulating Hormone – FSH
- Luteinizing Hormone – LH
- Prolactin – PRL
Hormones of posterior pituitary gland :
- Antidiuretic Hormone.
- Oxytocin.
Function of TSH : Stimulate thyroid gland to synthesis and secrete thyroxine (T3) and triiodothyronine (T4).
Function of PRL : In female it promote breast development and milk secretion.
Function of Oxytocin :
- Milk ejection.
- Contraction of Uterus.
Hormones of Thyroid gland :
- Thyroxine – T3,
- Triiodothyronine – T4,
- Calcitonin
Hormones of Parathyroid gland :
- Parathyroid Hormone (PTH)
Hepatic Marker Test :
The test by which the presence of hepatitis virus in the body can be detected is called hepatic market test.
- Hepatitis A
- Hepatitis B
- HBsAg
- Anti HBs
- HBeAg
- Anti HBe
- Anti Hbc
- Hepatitis C (Anti HCV)
- Hepatitis D
- Hepatitis E
Tumour marker test :
The test by which the presence of any benign and malignant tumour can be identified is called tumour marker test.
- CEA (Carcinoembryonic Antigen) : Monitor the progress of cancer treatment
- Ca-125: ovarian cancer (female)
- Ca-19-9: Colon cancer, Pancreatic cancer
- Ca-15-3: Breast cancer( female )
- PSA (prostate specific antigen) : Prostatic cancer
- AFP (Alpha fetoprotein) : Liver cancer.
Fertility Marker Test :
The test by which presence of any fertility indicator (male/female) in the body can be detected is called fertility marker test.
Such as:
- HCG: Human chorionic gonadotropin hormone -(female)
- FSH: Follicle Stimulating hormone -(male and female)
- LH: Luteinizing hormone -(male and female)
- PRL: Prolactin hormone -(male and female)
- Testosterone hormone -(male and female)
N.B.
Urine Pregnancy Test এ মূলত HCG Hormone detect করা হয়।
PCR : Polymerase Chain Reaction :
Application / Indication of PCR :
- Prenatal diagnosis, eg. cystic fibrosis.
- Diagnosis of microorganisms -viral, fungal, parasitic or bacterial infection.
- Diagnosis of hereditary disease like Sickle cell anaemia.